\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 ] \ud83d\udef3\ufe0f\ud83c\udf0d
\n\u200b\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “France 2030” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.
\n\u200b\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f 4 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629:
\n\u200b1\ufe0f\u20e3 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 (Le\\ Goulot\\ d’\u00c9tranglement):
\n\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Cracking) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0629 99.999%. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629” \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626”.
\n\u200b2\ufe0f\u20e3 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Le\\ Risque\\ d’Assurance):
\n\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (33\u00b0C-) \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0628) \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a (Maritime Insurance Premiums) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (OpEx) \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.
\n\u200b3\ufe0f\u20e3 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a (CapEx\\ vs\\ OpEx):
\n\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629\u061b \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (CapEx) \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (OpEx) \u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 SoutH2\\ Corridor) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.
\n\u200b4\ufe0f\u20e3 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 (La\\ Guerre\\ des\\ Certifications):
\n\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Protectionnisme) \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Additionality) \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.
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